General Motors Company

Type	Public
Founded	September 27, 1908
Founder(s)	William C. Durant
Headquarters	Renaissance Center Detroit, Michigan, United States
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Daniel Akerson (Chairman and CEO]
Industry	Automotive
Products	Automobiles Financial Services
Revenue (turnover)	US$ 135.592 billion (2010)[1]
Operating income	US$ 5.084 billion(2010)[1]
Net income	US$ 6.172 billion (2010)[1]
Total assets	US$ 138.898 billion (2010)[1]
Total equity	US$ 36.180 billion (2010)[1]
Employees	209,000 (2010)[2]
Divisions	Chevrolet Buick Cadillac GMC
Subsidiaries	OnStar Adam Opel AG GM Holden Ltd GM Financial Vauxhall Motors GM Korea General Motors do Brasil
Website	GM.com

General Motors Company (commonly known as General Motors or GM) (NYSE: GM, TSX: GMM.U), is an American multinational automotive corporation headquartered in Detroit, Michigan and the world's second-largest automaker (after Toyota).^[3] The old General Motors Corporation was founded in 1908 and was reestablished as of July 10, 2009.^[4] With its global headquarters in Detroit, GM employs 209,000 people in every major region of the world and does business in some 157 countries. General Motors produces cars and trucks in 31 countries, and sells and services these vehicles through the following divisions/brands: Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Opel, Vauxhall, and Holden, as well as two joint ventures in China. GM's OnStar subsidiary provides vehicle safety, security and information services.

On June 8, 2009, General Motors filed for reorganization under the provisions of Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code. On July 10, 2009, with financing partially provided by the US Government, the company emerged from reorganization and was listed on major stock exchanges on November 18, 2010 with the world's largest IPO.^[5][6][5]

Corporate governanceEdit

General Motors is headquartered at the Renaissance Center in Detroit. It employs approximately 209,000 people around the world. In 2009, General Motors sold 6.5 million cars and trucks globally. General Motors' recent growth has been in the People's Republic of China, where its sales rose 66.9 percent in 2009, selling 1,830,000 vehicles and accounting for 13.4 percent of the market.^[7]

Calendar Year	U.S. sales	Chg/yr.
1998[8]	4,603,991
1999	5,017,150	9.0%
2000[9]	4,953,163	▼1.3%
2001	4,904,015	▼1.0%
2002	4,858,705	▼0.9%
2003	4,756,403	▼2.1%
2004[10]	4,707,416	▼1.0%
2005	4,517,730	▼4.0%
2006[11]	4,124,645	▼8.7%
2007	3,866,620	▼6.3%
2008[12]	2,980,688	▼22.9%
2009[13]	2,084,492	▼30.1%
2010[14]	2,215,227	6.3%

On July 23, 2009, GM announced its new Board of Directors: Dan Akerson, David Bonderman, Robert D. Krebs, Patricia F. Russo and Ed Whitacre (GM Chairman and Interim Chief Executive Officer). Board members who are not GM employees will be paid US$200,000 annually.^[15]

As of December 1, 2009, The General Motors Board of Directors accepted Frederick Henderson's resignation. In January 2010, chairman Whitacre was appointed permanent chief executive officer after previously serving in an interim capacity.^[16]

Executive management:

• Daniel Akerson - Chief Executive Officer & Chairman of the Board of Directors
• Daniel Ammann - Chief Financial Officer^[17]
• Thomas G. Stephens - Vice Chairman, Global Product Operations^[18]
• Mark Reuss - President, GM North America^[19]
• David N. Reilly - President, GM Europe
• Timothy E. Lee - President, GM International Operations (Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Africa, and Middle East)^[20]
• Edward T. Welburn - Global Vice President of General Motors Design, current and only the sixth head designer.^[21]

For additional senior management see GM Senior Leadership Group

As part of the company's advertising, Ed Whitacre announced the company's 60-day money-back guarantee and repayment of $6.7 billion loan from government ahead of schedule.^[22] On August 12, 2010 GM announced that Whitacre would relinquish the CEO position effective September 1, 2010 and that of Chairman of the Board at the end of the year, to be replaced in those functions by current board member Dan Akerson.^[23] Between emerging from bankruptcy and March 2011, the company has had three chief executive officers and three chief financial officers.^[24]

Recent resultsEdit

On February 24, 2011, General Motors reported its first full-year profit since 2004. It can carry forward previous losses to reduce tax liability on future earnings. It earned $4.7 billion in 2010. The Wall Street Journal estimated the tax break, including credits for costs related to pensions and other expenses can be worth as much as $45 billion over the next 20 years.^[25]

World presenceEdit

North AmericaEdit

In North America, GM products focus primarily on its four core divisions — Chevrolet, Cadillac, Buick, and GMC. The White House characterized the GM restructuring as a shift toward a new leaner, greener GM, which will aim to break even with annual sales much lower than previously stated.^[26] President Obama declared that the restructuring "will mark the end of an old GM, and the beginning of a new GM; a new GM that can produce the high-quality, safe, and fuel-efficient cars of tomorrow; that can lead America towards an energy independent future; and that is once more a symbol of America's success."^[27]

In the mid 2005, GM announced that its corporate chrome power emblem "Mark of Excellence" would begin appearing on all recently introduced and all-new 2006 model vehicles produced and sold in North America. However, in 2009 the "New GM" reversed this, saying that emphasis on its four core divisions would downplay the GM logo.^[28]

GM worldwide 2008 vehicle sales[29] (thousands)
Rank in GM	Location	Vehicle sales	Market share (%)
1	United States	2,981	22.1%
2	China (PRC)	1,095	12.0%
3	Brazil	549	19.5%
4	United Kingdom	384	15.4%
5	{{{name}}}	359	21.4%
6	Russia	338	11.1%
7	Germany	300	8.8%
8	Mexico	212	19.8%
9	Australia	133	13.1%
10	South Korea	117	9.7%
11	France	114	4.4%
12	Spain	107	7.8%
13	Argentina	95	15.5%
14	Venezuela	91	33.3%
15	Colombia	80	36.3%
16	India	66	3.3%

AsiaEdit

The company manufactures most of its China market vehicles locally through Shanghai GM, a joint venture with the Chinese company SAIC, which was created on March 25, 1997. The Shanghai GM plant was officially opened on December 15, 1998, when the first Chinese-built Buick came off the assembly line. The SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile joint-venture is also successfully selling microvans under the Wuling marque (34 percent owned by GM).

The Buick brand is especially strong in China, led by the Buick Excelle subcompact. The last emperor of China owned a Buick.^[30] The Cadillac brand was introduced in China in 2004, starting with exports to China. GM pushed the marketing of the Chevrolet brand in China in 2005 as well, transferring Buick Sail to that marque.

In August 2009 the joint venture of FAW-GM Light Duty Commercial Vehicle Co Ltd was formed that mainly produces Jiefang light-duty trucks.^[31]

GM increased its sales in China by 68 percent to 230,048 vehicles in March 2010, outsold its U.S. sales of 188,546 by 22 percent. And the company said it is “on track” to sell more than 2 million vehicles in China in 2010, four years ahead of its plan.^[32] GM set up an auto research center as part of a USD250 million corporate campus in Shanghai to develop 'gasoline-hybrid cars, electric vehicles and alternative fuels, engines and new technologies'.^[33] The company plans to double its sales from 2010 to about 5 million units in China by 2015.^[34]

SAIC-GM-Wuling establishes low-cost brand Baojun to better compete with domestic rivals, Chery, Geely and BYD for first-time buyers of cars priced around USD10,000. It is estimated that such market in China is about 5 million vehicles a year, larger than the auto market in France and Britain combined. However, some are worried that 'local brands like Baojun could eventually become threats to their parent brands if they compete more against established models over time'. Shanghai-GM-Wuling sold 1.23 million vehicles in 2010, mainly commercial vans and trucks, of which about 700,000 unit was a van called Sunshine. ^[35]

AfricaEdit

General Motors has a long history in Egypt which began in the 1920s with the assembling of cars and light pickup trucks for the local market. In the mid of the 1950s, GM withdrew from the Egyptian market. Some year later, the Ghabbour Brothers began to assemble Cadillac, Chevrolet and Buick models up to the 1990s.

Since 1983 GM and Al-Monsour Automotive Company has founded the General Motors Egypt which is currently the only manufacturer of traditional GM branded vehicles in Egypt. The Speranza Motors is a big company which started in the 1990s with the SKD assembling of Daewoo cars. Today the main products of Speranza are from the Chinese Chery concern.

GM began operating in South Africa in 1913 through its wholly owned subsidiary, General Motors South Africa. Following the passage of the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act in 1986, GM was forced to divest from South Africa, and GMSA became the independent Delta Motor Corporation. GM purchased a 49% stake in Delta in 1997 following the end of apartheid, and acquired the remaining 51% in 2004, reverting the company to its original name.

Racing heritageEdit

GM has participated over the years in the World Touring Car Championship (WTCC), Le Mans, NASCAR, SCCA, and many other world venues.

GM's engines were highy successful in the Indy Racing League (IRL) throughout the 1990s, winning many races in the small V-8 class. GM has also done much work in the development of electronics for GM auto racing through its former subsidiary Delphi. An unmodified Aurora V-8 in the Aerotech, captured 47 world records, including the record for speed endurance in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America. Recently, the Cadillac V-Series has entered motorsports racing. GM has also used many cars in the American racing series NASCAR. Currently the Chevrolet Impala is the only entry in the series but in the past the Pontiac Grand Prix, Buick Regal, Oldsmobile Cutlass, Chevrolet Lumina, Chevrolet Malibu, and the Chevrolet Monte Carlo were also used.

In Australia, there is the V8 Supercar Championship which is battled out by the two main rivals of (GM) Holden and Ford. The current Holden Racing Team cars are based on the Holden Commodore and run a 5.0-litre V8-cylinder engine producing 635 bhp (474 kW). These cars have a top speed of 318 km/h (198 mph) and run 0–100 km/h in 3.8 seconds. The Holden Racing Team is Australia's most successful team in Australian Touring Car History. In 2006 & 2007, the Drivers championship was won by the very closely linked HSV Dealer Team.

PhilanthropyEdit

Since 1996, General Motors has been the exclusive source of funding for Safe Kids USA's "Safe Kids Buckle Up" program, a national initiative to ensure child automobile safety through education and inspection.^[36] Through 2002, the Pace Awards program led by GM, EDS, and SUN Microsystems, gave over $1.2 billion of in-kind contributions which includes computers to over 18 universities to support engineering education.^[37] In 2009, the GM led group has helped the Pace Awards program worldwide.^[38] General Motors is a leading contributor to charity. In 2004, GM gave $51,200,000 in cash contributions and $17,200,000 in-kind donations to charitable causes.^[39]

Research and developmentEdit

GM R&D was the world’s first automotive research center. It was organized in 1920 by inventor Charles F. Kettering.

Headquartered in Warren, Michigan, the GM Research Lab is a network of six laboratories, six science offices and collaborative relationships in over twelve countries including working relationships with universities, government groups, suppliers and other partners from across the globe.

Small car salesEdit

As part of General Motors Company development, it plans to revive one of its idled U.S. factories for the production of a small car in Orion, Michigan, with the creation of 1,200 American jobs. This will be first time ever a large manufacture producing a Supermini vehicle in the United States. The new small car will add to a group of small and fuel-efficient vehicles that the company is planning to roll out in the near future. This retooled plant will be capable of building 160,000 cars annually, including both small and compact vehicles.^[40]

Environmental initiativesEdit

General Motors is one of the leading users in renewable energy. The company has published principles regarding the environment and maintains an extensive website to inform the public. In 2008, General Motors committed to engineering half of its manufacturing plants to be landfill-free. In order to achieve its landfill-free status, production waste is recycled or reused in the manufacturing process.

The world's largest rooftop solar power installation was installed at General Motors Spanish Zaragoza Manufacturing Plant in fall 2008. The Zaragoza solar installation has about 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m²) of roof at the plant and contains about 85,000 solar panels. The installation was created, owned and operated by Veolia Environment and Clairvoyant Energy, who lease the rooftop area from General Motors. ^[41][42][43]

The company has long worked on alternative-technology vehicles, and has recently^[when?] led the industry with ethanol-burning flexible-fuel vehicles that can run on either E85 (ethanol) or gasoline. The company was the first to use turbochargers and was an early proponent of V6 engines in the 1960s, but quickly lost interest as the muscle car race took hold. They demonstrated^[44] gas turbine vehicles powered by kerosene, an area of interest throughout the industry, but abandoned the alternative engine configuration in view of the 1973 oil crisis. In the 1970s and 1980s, GM pushed the benefits of diesel engines and cylinder deactivation technologies with disastrous results due to poor durability in the Oldsmobile diesels and drivability issues in the Cadillac V8-6-4 variable-cylinder engines. In 1987, GM, in conjunction with AeroVironment, built the Sunraycer, which won the inaugural World Solar Challenge and was a showcase of advanced technology. Much of the technology from Sunraycer found its way into the Impact prototype electric vehicle (also built by Aerovironment) and was the predecessor to the General Motors EV1.

GM supported a compromise version of the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standard increase from 27 mpg_-US (8.7 L/100 km/32 mpg_-imp) to 35 mpg_-US (6.7 L/100 km/42 mpg_-imp), the first such increase in over 20 years.^[45] GM announced they will introduce more Volt-based plug-in hybrids.

Hybrid electric vehicles Edit

In May 2004, GM delivered the world's first full-sized hybrid pickups, the 1/2-ton Silverado/Sierra. These mild hybrids did not use electrical energy for propulsion, like GM's later designs. In 2005, the Opel Astra diesel Hybrid concept vehicle was introduced. The 2006 Saturn Vue Green Line was the first hybrid passenger vehicle from GM and is also a mild design. GM has hinted at new hybrid technologies to be employed that will be optimized for higher speeds in freeway driving.

GM currently offers the 2-mode hybrid system used by the Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon and will later be used on the Saturn Vue (cancelled), Cadillac Escalade, GM 1/2-ton pickups and possibly other vehicles.^[46]

GM has recently^[when?] introduced the Chevrolet Volt, which is an electric vehicle with back-up generators, powered by gasoline. The production Chevrolet Volt was available in late 2010 as a 2011 model with limited availability.^[47] GM delivered the first Volt during December 2010.

The GM Magic Bus is a hybrid-powered bus.^[48]

All-electric vehiclesEdit

General Motors was the first American company (in the modern era) to release an all-electric automobile. In 1990, GM debuted the "Impact" concept car at the Los Angeles Auto Show. It was the first car with zero-emissions marketed in the US in over three decades. The Impact was eventually produced as the EV1 for the 1996 model year. It was available through dealers located in only a few regions (e.g., California, Arizona, Georgia). Vehicles were leased, rather than sold, to individuals. In 1999 GM decided to cease production of the vehicles. When the individual leases had expired, they declined to renew the leases or allow the lessors to purchase them. All of the EV1s were eventually returned to General Motors and, with the exception of a few which were donated to museums, all were destroyed.

General Motors has announced that it is building a prototype two-seat electric vehicle with Segway. An early prototype of the Personal Urban Mobility and Accessibility vehicle—dubbed Personal Urban Mobility and Accessibility (Project P.U.M.A.) – will be shown off in New York a day ahead of the press previews for the 2009 New York International Auto Show.^{[49][dated info]}

Battery packs for electric vehiclesEdit

GM builds battery packs in southern Michigan.^[47] GM also established an automotive battery laboratory in Michigan.^[50] GM will be responsible for battery management systems and power electronics, thermal management, as well as the pack assembly. An existing GM facility at Brownstown Township was chosen to be upgraded as battery pack plant.^[47] LG Chem's U.S. subsidiary, Compact Power of Troy, Michigan, has been building the prototype packs for the development vehicles and will continue to provide integration support and act as a liaison for the program.

Hydrogen initiativeEdit

GM has prided its research and prototype development of hydrogen powered vehicles,^[47] to be produced in early 2010, using a support infrastructure still in a prototype state. The economic feasibility of the technically challenging hydrogen car, and the low-cost production of hydrogen to fuel it, has also been discussed by other automobile manufacturers such as Ford and Chrysler.

In June 2007, Larry Burns, vice president of research and development, said he's not yet willing to say exactly when hydrogen vehicles will be mass produced, but he said it should happen before 2020, the year many experts have predicted. He said "I sure would be disappointed if we weren't there" before 2020.^[51]

Flexible-fuel vehiclesEdit

GM produces several flexible-fuel vehicles that can operate on E85 ethanol fuel or gasoline, or any blend of both. Since 2006 GM started featuring a bright yellow gas cap to remind drivers of the E85 capabilities,^{[52][53][54][55]} and also using badging with the text "Flexfuel/E85 Ethanol" to clearly mark the car as an E85 FFV.^[56][57]

GM is the leader in E85 flex fuel vehicles, with over 3 million FlexFuel vehicles on the road in the U.S. As of 2009, GM offers 18 ethanol-enabled FlexFuel cars and trucks in the US, and produces more than one million new FlexFuel vehicles. GM's goal is to have half of their annual vehicle production be E85 or biodiesel capable by 2012.^[58]

HistoryEdit

Main article: History of General Motors

The company was founded on September 16, 1908, in Flint, Michigan, as a holding company for Buick, then controlled by William C. Durant. At the turn of the 20th century there were fewer than 8,000 automobiles in America and Durant had become a leading manufacturer of horse-drawn vehicles in Flint, MI, before making his foray into the automotive industry.^[59] GM's co-founder was Charles Stewart Mott, whose carriage company was merged into Buick prior to GM's creation. Over the years Mott became the largest single stockholder in GM and spent his life with his Mott Foundation which has benefited the city of Flint, his adopted home. It acquired Oldsmobile later that year. In 1909, Durant brought in Cadillac, Elmore, Oakland and several others. Also in 1909, GM acquired the Reliance Motor Truck Company of Owosso, Michigan, and the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of Pontiac, Michigan, the predecessors of GMC Truck. Durant lost control of GM in 1910 to a bankers' trust, because of the large amount of debt taken on in its acquisitions coupled with a collapse in new vehicle sales.

The next year, Durant started the Chevrolet Motor Car Company and through this he secretly purchased a controlling interest in GM. Durant took back control of the company after one of the most dramatic proxy wars in American business history. Durant then reorganized General Motors Company into General Motors Corporation in 1916. Shortly after, he again lost control, this time for good, after the new vehicle market collapsed. Alfred P. Sloan was picked to take charge of the corporation and led it to its post-war global dominance. This unprecedented growth of GM would last into the early 1980s when it employed 349,000 workers and operated 150 assembly plants.

GM led global sales for 77 consecutive years from 1931 through 2007, longer than any other automaker. In 2008 and 2009, GM has ranked as the second largest global automaker by sales.^[60]

Chapter 11 reorganizationEdit

Main article: General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization

On July 10, 2009, General Motors emerged from Chapter 11 reorganization.^[5][6][61] GM had filed for Chapter 11 reorganization on June 8, 2009. The Company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange and the Toronto Stock Exchange again on November 18, 2010 following a US$33-a-share initial public offering of US$23 billion, including preferred shares. The shareholding in the Company by the U.S. Treasury department is reduced from about 61% to about 33%, including preferred shares and accounting for stock options given to former GM bondholders.^[62][63] Disposal of such shares gave the Treasury department about US$13.6 billion in proceeds. It was previously estimated that the Treasury has to sell GM shares at an average of $43.67 a share to break even. SAIC Motor, partner of GM in China and India, acquired just less than 1 percent of the new GM for about $500 million.^[64][65]

Brand reorganizationEdit

Brand	Year	Markets
Buick	1903	North America, China, Israel, Taiwan
Cadillac	1902	Global (except South America, India, South East Asia, Australia)
GMC	1901	North America, Middle East
Chevrolet	1911	Global (except Australia, New Zealand)
Vauxhall	1925	United Kingdom
Opel	1929	Europe (ex. United Kingdom), Middle East/Africa, Asia/Pacific, South America
Holden	1948	Australia, New Zealand

As part of the company reorganization, the content and the structure of its brand portfolio (its brand architecture) was reorganized.^[66] Some nameplates like Pontiac, Saturn, Hummer, and service brands like Goodwrench were discontinued. Others, like Saab, were sold.^[67] The practice of putting the "GM Mark of Excellence" on every car, no matter what the brand, was discontinued in August, 2009.^[68] The company has moved from a corporate-endorsed hybrid brand architecture structure, where GM underpinned every brand to a multiple brand corporate invisible brand architecture structure.^[69] The company's familiar square blue "badge" has been removed from the Web site and advertising, in favor of a new, subtle all-text logo treatment.^[66] In 2011, GM discontinued the Daewoo brand in South Korea and replaced it with the Chevrolet brand.^[70]

Discontinued brandsEdit

Welch (1903–1911) Rainier (1905–1911) Welch-Marquette (see Marquette) Cartercar (1905–1915) Elmore (1909–1912) Rapid Truck (1909–1912) Reliance Truck (1909–1912) Welch-Detroit (1910–1911) Marquette (1912) Peninsular (1912) (see Marquette) Samson Tractor (1917–1922) Scripps-Booth (1917–1923) Marquette (1930) Oakland (1909–1931) Viking (1929–1931) LaSalle (1927–1940)

McLaughlin (1918–1942) Yellow Coach (1925–1943) Beaumont (1966–1969) Envoy (1960–1970) Acadian (1962–1971) Ranger (1968–1976) Bedford Vehicles (1927–1987) General Motors Diesel Division (1938–1987) Passport (1988–1991) Asüna (1993–1995) Geo (1989–1997) Oldsmobile (1897–2004) Pontiac (1926–2010) Saturn (1985–2010) Hummer (1998–2010) GM Goodwrench (1977–2011) Daewoo (1982–2011)

Former subsidiariesEdit

• Frigidaire (1919–1979), sold to Ohio-based White Consolidated Industries
• Lotus (1986–1993), sold to Luxembourg-based A.C.B.N. Holdings S.A.
• Saab (1989–2010), sold to Dutch sports car manufacturer Spyker Cars N.V.

Former affiliatesEdit

• Fiat (2000–2005), GM owned 20 percent at one time with put option^[71]
• Fuji Heavy Industries, manufacturer of Subaru (1999–2006), GM owned 20 percent at one time^[72]
• Isuzu (1971–2006), GM owned 49 percent at one time^[73]
• Suzuki (1981–2008), GM owned over 20 percent at one time^[74]

Spin-offsEdit

• GM Defense 1950–2003 was once part of General Motors Diesel Division and as General Dynamics Land Systems division of General Dynamics
• Electro Motive Division of General Motors was also once part of General Motors Diesel Division and now known as Electro-Motive Diesel
• Detroit Diesel sold to Penske Corporation; broken up and portion sold to the former Daimler-Chrysler AG (now Daimler AG); now part of Daimler AG
• Transit division was sold to Motor Coach Industries and Transportation Manufacturing Corporation
  • RTS and Classic bus rights owned by MCI And TMC were sold off to Nova Bus; now produced by Millennium Transit Services
• Diesel Division of General Motors of Canada Limited spun off and later acquired by General Motors Canada as Diesel Division of General Motors of Canada Limited
• EDS – Electronic Data Systems, now part of Hewlett-Packard
• Hughes Electronics sold to News Corporation in 2003
• 1999 GM spun off its parts making operations as Delphi

See alsoEdit

• Automotive industry
• History of General Motors

PeopleEdit

Daniel Akerson David Dunbar Buick Louis Chevrolet John DeLorean William C. Durant Harley Earl

Henry Leland Bob Lutz (businessman)|Robert Lutz Bill Mitchell Alfred P. Sloan Roger Smith (executive)|Roger Smith Rick Wagoner

Industry associationsEdit

• Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers
• United States Council for Automotive Research

CompetitionsEdit

• EcoCAR

ListsEdit

List of GM engines List of GM factories

List of GM platforms List of GM transmissions

CategoryEdit

• GM vehicles by brand

ReferencesEdit

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4} "2010 Form 10-K, General Motors Company". United States Securities and Exchange Commission (2011-03-01).
2. ↑ "Company Profile". General Motors (2010). Retrieved on March 26, 2011.
3. ↑ "TTAC Announces The Top 3 Automakers Of 2010", The Truth About Cars (2010-07-27). Retrieved on 2011-01-27. 
4. ↑ "History of General Motors, Company profile". General Motors. Retrieved on 2011-04-04.
5. ↑ ^{5.0 5.1 5.2} (registration required) de la Merced, Michael (July 10, 2009). "With Sale of Good Assets, G.M. Out of Bankruptcy". Retrieved on July 10, 2009. 
6. ↑ ^{6.0 6.1} (registration required)Maynard, Micheline (July 10, 2009). "A Primer on the New General Motors". Retrieved on July 10, 2009. 
7. ↑ Andrew C (30 August 2010). "GM’s China vehicle sales in 2009 rose 66.9 percent". 4wheelsnow.com. Retrieved on 2January 2011.
8. ↑ "mediaOnline". Media.gm.com (January 5, 2000). Archived from the original on June 2, 2004. Retrieved on July 19, 2009.
9. ↑ "mediaOnline". Media.gm.com (January 3, 2002). Archived from the original on March 14, 2004. Retrieved on July 19, 2009.
10. ↑ "GM Reports December 2005 and Year Results". Theautochannel.com (January 5, 2006). Retrieved on June 1, 2009.
11. ↑ "GM Media Online". Media.gm.com (January 3, 2007). Archived from the original on June 21, 2007. Retrieved on June 1, 2009.
12. ↑ "GM Media Online". Media.gm.com (January 5, 2009). Retrieved on June 1, 2009.^{[dead link]}
13. ↑ "Chevrolet, Buick, GMC and Cadillac Post Sales Gains". Prnewswire.com (January 5, 2010). Retrieved on February 18, 2010.
14. ↑ "General Motors 2010 Calendar Year Sales Up 21 Percent; December Sales Increase 16... - DETROIT, Jan. 4, 2011 /PRNewswire/". Prnewswire.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-25.
15. ↑ Staff writer (July 23, 2009). "GM Names Its Government-Appointed Board Members - Automotive". Reuters (via CNBC). Retrieved on October 10, 2009.^{[dead link]}
16. ↑ Bennett, Jeff (January 26, 2010). "Chairman of GM Taps CEO: Himself", The Wall Street Journal;. Retrieved on July 3, 2010. 
17. ↑ "GM Senior Leadership". GM. Retrieved on April 2, 2011.
18. ↑ "Senior Leadership Group and Staff Officers - Stephens". GM. Retrieved on December 5, 2009.
19. ↑ "Senior Leadership Group and Staff Officers". GM. Retrieved on December 5, 2009.
20. ↑ "Senior Leadership Group and Staff Officers". GM. Retrieved on December 5, 2009.
21. ↑ "Senior Leadership Group and Staff Officers - Welburn". GM. Retrieved on December 5, 2009.
22. ↑ Terlep, Sharon (May 3, 2010). "GM To Take New Chevy Campaigns for a Spin", The Wall Street Journal; abstract (for full article (subscription required)). Retrieved on July 3, 2010. 
23. ↑ Schoenberger, Robert (2010-08-12). "Ed Whitacre to step down as General Motors CEO next month; Dan Akerson to replace him", Cleveland Live. Retrieved on 2 January 2011. 
24. ↑ David Welch (2011-03-19). "GM’s Ammann Pushes to Expand Lending Operations He Dismantled". Bloomberg Businessweek.
25. ↑ "GM Posts First Full-Year Profit Since 2004". InsideLine (2011-02-24).
26. ↑ Kim, Soyoung (June 1, 2009). "Factbox — General Motors Bankruptcy Filing", Reuters. Retrieved on July 9, 2009. 
27. ↑ "EERE News: Restructured GM to Build a New Small Car in the United States". Apps1.eere.energy.gov. Retrieved on June 6, 2009.
28. ↑ Johnson, Kimberly S. (August 27, 2009). "GM To Remove Its Mark from Vehicles To Emphasize Brand", USA Today. Retrieved on October 12, 2009. 
29. ↑ "Going Global", The New York Times (June 4, 2009). Retrieved on June 6, 2009. 
30. ↑ 1:25 p.m. ET (June 15, 2006). "In China, Buick Bucks the Trend - Nightly News with Brian Williams- msnbc.com". MSNBC. Retrieved on October 12, 2009.
31. ↑ "FAW-GM Increases Capacity, Having No Plan to Introduce GMC Yet", ChinaAutoWeb.com. 
32. ↑ Wong, Stephanie (April 11, 2010). "GM To Introduce 25 New and Updated Models in China", Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved on April 28, 2010. 
33. ↑ Blumenstein, Rebecca (October 30, 2007). "GM to Invest in Green Technology in China", Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on November 7, 2010. 
34. ↑ Christine Tierney (2011-04-18). "GM seeks to double China sales by 2015". The Detroit News.
35. ↑ Ben Klayman (2011-04-20). "GM's Baojun lineup in China could expand quickly". Reuters.
36. ↑ Safe Kids USA. SK Buckle Up usa.safekids.org. Retrieved 24/02/08.
37. ↑ "197108-15 PaceNewsv6" (PDF). Retrieved on 2010-12-04.
38. ↑ Pace Partners. Retrieved on July 8, 2009.
39. ↑ GM Philanthrophy.Business Week 2005. Retrieved on July 9, 2009.
40. ↑ "Restructured GM To Build a New Small Car in the United States". United States Department of Energy (June 3, 2009).
41. ↑ GM Adding World's Largest Rooftop Solar Power Installation to Zaragoza Plant .GM.com (July 8, 2008). Retrieved December 4, 2010.
42. ↑ Reuters UK (July 8, 2008).GM Europe puts solar roof on Spanish plant. Retrieved December 4, 2010.
43. ↑ Guardian (July 9, 2008). GM installs world's biggest rooftop solar panels. Retrieved December 4, 2010.
44. ↑ Conklin Systems (tec@conklinsystems.com) (1952-11-21). "America's First Turbine Car". Conklinsystems.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-04.
45. ↑ GM workers lobbying for less-stringent CAFE rule^{[dead link]}
46. ↑ Higgs, Tom. "Patents General Motors". 17 October 2008.
47. ↑ ^{47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3} "Sustainable transportation based on electric vehicle concepts: a brief overview". Royal Society of Chemistry (2010-05-14). Retrieved on 2010-06-08.
48. ↑ "GM's Hybrid Propulsion System for Transit Buses". Archived from the original on May 26, 2007. Retrieved on May 22, 2007.
49. ↑ Shepardson, David; Priddleurl, Alisa (April 7, 2009). "GM To Roll Out Two-Seat, Urban Electric Prototype – Two-Seater Targeting City Driving To Hit 35 Miles per Hour". The Detroit News. Retrieved on June 1, 2009.
50. ↑ "EERE News: GM to Buy Lithium-Ion Batteries Cells for the Chevy Volt from LG Chem". Apps1.eere.energy.gov (January 14, 2009). Retrieved on June 1, 2009.
51. ↑ Tom Krisher, "GM steps up work on hydrogen cars", BusinessWeek. June 15, 2007
52. ↑ Ken Thomas (May 7, 2007). "'Flex-fuel' Vehicles Touted", USA Today. Retrieved on September 15, 2008. 
53. ↑ Gable, Christine; Gable, Scott. "Yellow E85 Gas Cap". About.com: Hybrid Cars & Alt Fuels. Retrieved on September 18, 2008.
54. ↑ Neff, John (October 6, 2006). "More Gas Cap News: Chrysler Going Yellow for E85". AutoBlog. Retrieved on October 8, 2008.
55. ↑ Abuelsamid, Sam (March 28, 2007). "AFVI: Ford Confirms That All 2008 Police Interceptors Will be Flex-Fuel". AutobogGreen. Retrieved on October 8, 2008.
56. ↑ Gable, Christine; Gqble Scott. "2008 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 4WD LT2 Flex-Fuel Truck Test Drive". About.com: Hybrid Cars & Alt Fuels. Retrieved on October 3, 2008.
57. ↑ Gable, Christine; Gable, Scott. "2007 Chevrolet Suburban 4WD 1500 LT test drive". About.com: Hybrid Cars & Alt Fuels. Retrieved on October 3, 2008.
58. ↑ General Motors | Fuel Economy & Alternative Fuels - E85 Ethanol^{[dead link]}
59. ↑ "GM History". General Motors Company. Retrieved on 2011-02-09.
60. ↑ Strott, Elizabeth (January 21, 2009). "Toyota Takes Sales Crown from GM", MSN Money, Microsoft Money. Retrieved on June 1, 2009. 
61. ↑ ^{[verification needed]} Stoll, John D.; King Jr., Neil (July 10, 2009).GM Emerges from Bankruptcy. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on July 10, 2009.
62. ↑ Bill Vlasic (2010-11-18). "GM, Chrysler Beef Up Lobbying, Despite Government Ownership". New York Times.
63. ↑ Huffpost Business (2011-1-14). "For GM, a Big Day on Wall Street". TheHuffingtonPost.com.
64. ↑ Bill Vlasic (2010-11-18). "For GM, a Big Day on Wall Street". New York Times.
65. ↑ David Welch and Lee Spears (2010-11-12). "GM IPO Said Likely to Price at High End or Above". Bloomberg.
66. ↑ ^{66.0 66.1} "General Motors: A Reorganized Brand Architecture for a Reorganized Company " Merriam Associates, Inc. Brand Strategies". Merriamassociates.com (2010-11-22). Retrieved on 2010-12-04.
67. ↑ "America's Fastest-Dying Car Brands". Forbes.com (2009-04-27). Retrieved on 2010-12-04.
68. ↑ "General Motors to remove its 'Mark of Excellence' logos from new cars - Drive On: A conversation about the cars and trucks we drive - USATODAY.com". Content.usatoday.com (2009-08-26). Retrieved on 2010-12-04.
69. ↑ Rob Huckels. "Approaches to Brand Architecture " Merriam Associates, Inc. Brand Strategies". Merriamassociates.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-04.
70. ↑ "GM Korea Says Goodbye To Daewoo, Hello To Chevrolet". Bernama (2011-02-28). Retrieved on 2011-04-25.
71. ↑ "Italy: Hapless Fiat Wants To Force GM Hand". United Press International. Retrieved on June 1, 2009.
72. ↑ "GM to Sell Its Stake in Fuji Heavy Industries", Los Angeles Times (October 6, 2005). Retrieved on June 1, 2009. 
73. ↑ "GM Sells Isuzu Shares for $300 Million to Japanese Trading Companies, Bank", USA Today (April 11, 2006). Retrieved on June 1, 2009. 
74. ↑ "GM Sells Equity Stake in Suzuki". Cartype (November 17, 2008). Retrieved on June 1, 2009.

• GM gets 60 days, names Henderson CEO
• GM CEO: Bankruptcy looks more probable

Further readingEdit

Articles

• "G.M.’s Road From Prosperity to Crisis" (May 31, 2009). Retrieved on June 1, 2009. 
• Bunkley, Nick (undated). "Automotive Industry Crisis". Retrieved on June 1, 2009. 

Books

• Barabba, Vincent P. (2004). Surviving Transformation: Lessons from GM's Surprising Turnaround. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195171419. OCLC 474580094. 
• Chandler, Alfred D., Jr. (1964). Giant Enterprise: Ford, General Motors, and the Automobile Industry. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World. ISBN 9780405133497. OCLC 63017200. 
• Cray, Ed (1980). Chrome Colossus: General Motors and Its Times. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780070134935. OCLC 6223723. 
• Farber, David R. (2002). Sloan Rules: Alfred P. Sloan and the Triumph of General Motors. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226238043. OCLC 49558636. 
• Gustin, Lawrence R. [1973] (2008). Billy Durant: Creator of General Motors. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472033027. OCLC 179794253. 
• Halberstam, David (1986). The Reckoning, A Thomas Congdon book. New York: Morrow. ISBN 9780688048389. OCLC 246158814. 
• Keller, Maryann (1989). Rude Awakening: The Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors. New York: Morrow. ISBN 9780688075279. OCLC 423222597. 
• Kimes, Beverly Rae (editor) (1989). The Standard Catalogue of American Cars 1805–1942, 2nd edition. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-111-0. 
• Leslie, Stuart W. (1983). Boss Kettering. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231056007. OCLC 8845819. 
• (2004) Time for a Model Change: Re-Engineering the Global Automotive Industry. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521837156. OCLC 54826137. 
• Maynard, Micheline (2003). The End of Detroit: How the Big Three Lost Their Grip on the American Car Market. New York: Currency/Doubleday. ISBN 9780385507691. OCLC 52623614. 
• Pelfrey, William (2006). Billy, Alfred, and General Motors: The Story of Two Unique Men, a Legendary Company, and a Remarkable Time in American History. New York: AMACOM. ISBN 9780814408698. OCLC 61362777. 
• Rae, John Bell (1965). The American Automobile; A Brief History, The Chicago history of American civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. OCLC 236834. 
• Weisberger, Bernard A. (1979). The Dream Maker: William C. Durant, Founder of General Motors. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 9780316928748. OCLC 5736758. 

External linksEdit

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

General Motors

• gm.com, General Motors official website
• GM wiki frozen in May of 2010 as part of GM Heritage Center website
• General Motors Imagefilm (1964, Condor Films
• Works about General Motors in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

v · d · e General Motors GM lists GM factories · GM platforms · GM engines · GM transmissions · GM vehicles by brand Divisions / operating groups / joint ventures ACDelco · Ally (9.9%) · CAMI Automotive · Coskata, Inc. · DMAX (engines) (50%) · FAW-GM (50%) · GM Financial · GM Performance Division · GM Powertrain Europe ·  · General Motors América do Sul · General Motors Canada · General Motors de Mexico · General Motors do Brasil · General Motors India · General Motors Research Laboratories · General Motors South Africa · General Motors Ventures · Global Hybrid Cooperation · GM Goodwrench · GM Service and Parts Operations · Holden · Holden New Zealand · Holden Special Vehicles · HRL Laboratories (50%) · Isuzu Motors Polska · OnStar · Opel · Opel Performance Center · Shanghai GM · SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile · Vauxhall Motors Former divisions and joint ventures Allison Engine Company (1929–1995) · Allison Transmission (1929–2007) · Atlantic Aircraft · Dayton-Wright Company (1919–1923) · Delco Electronics · Delphi Automotive Systems (1994-1999) · Detroit Diesel (1938–1988) · DirecTV (1994–2003) · Electro-Motive Diesel (1930–2004) · Electronic Data Systems (1984–1996) · Euclid Trucks (1953–1968) · Fisher Body · Fleetwood Metal Body · Frigidaire (1919–1980) · General Motors Europe AG (1986–2010) · General Motors Diesel Division (1938–1987) · General Motors Diesel (1949–1969) · Ghandhara Industries (1953–1963) · GM Defense (1950–2003) · GMAC Real Estate(1998-2008) · GM Truck & Bus Group (1943–1981) · GMC Heavy Trucks · Hughes Aircraft (1985–1997) · Hughes Electronics (1985–1997) · Hughes Network Systems (1987–2003) · HughesNet (DirecWay/DirecPC) (1996–2003) · Hummer (1998–2010) · Kettering University · National City Lines · New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. (NUMMI; 1984–2009) · New Venture Gear (36%, 1990–2002) · North American Aviation (1933–1948) · Nuvell Financial Services (1997–2008) · PanAmSat (1995–2003) · Remy Electric (1918–1994) · Rochester Products Division · Terex · Saturn Corporation (1985–2010) · Terminal Taxi Cab · United Australian Automobile Industries (UAAI; 1989–1996) · Winton Motor Carriage Company · Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company (1925–1943)

v · d · e Automotive marques of General Motors, and those of its affiliates and former affiliates Baojun • Buick • Cadillac • Chevrolet • GMC • Holden • Jiefang · Opel • Vauxhall • Wuling Affiliates GM-AvtoVAZ • GM Korea (70.1%) • Shanghai GM (49%) • SAIC-GM-Wuling (34%) Former affiliates Fiat (2000–2005; up to 20%) • Isuzu (c.1971–2006; up to 49%) • Lotus (c.1986–1993; up to 100%) • Saab (c.1989–2010; up to 100%) • Subaru (c.1999–2006; 20%) • Suzuki (1985–2008; up to 15%) Defunct marques Acadian (1962–1971) • Asüna (1992–1995) • Beaumont (1966–1969) • Bedford Vehicles (1930–1986) • Cartercar (1905–1915) • Daewoo (1937–2011) • Elmore (1893–1912) • Geo (1989–1997) • Hummer (1992–2010) • LaSalle (1927–1940) • Marquette (1929–1930) • McLaughlin (1918–1942) • Oakland (1907–1931) • Oldsmobile (1897–2004) • Passport (1988–1991) • Pontiac (1926–2010) • Ranger (1968–1976) • Saturn (1985–2010) • Scripps-Booth (1913–1923) • Statesman (1971–1984) • Viking (1929–1931) • Yellow Coach (1925–1943) Other GM Divisions (former divisions) Detroit Diesel {{}} (Euclid)

v · d · e Truck Manufacturers List of Truck manufacturers Early UK & Ireland Truck Builders All Types excluding · Steam wagons AEC · AJS · Albion · Alvis · Argyle Trucks · Armstrong Saurer · Associated Daimler Company(ADC) · Atkinson · Austin · Baron · Bean · Beardmore · Bedford · Belsize Motors · BMC · Bristol · Caldon · Commer · Crossley Motors · Dennis · Dodge (GB) · Douglas · ERF · Foden · Fordson/Ford of Britain/Ford Thames · Fowler · FWD Motors · Garner · Garrett · General Vehicle Co. · Guilford Motor Co. · Guy · Halley Industrial Motors · Hallford · Hardy · Haulamatic · HHT · Jensen · Jowett · Karrier Motors · Kerr Stuart · Lacre · Latil · Leyland Commercial Vehicles Leyland Motors Ltd Leyland Steam Carriage Co. · Mack (GB) · Manchester · Mann · Maudslay · McCurd · Morris Commercials/Morris · Motor Traction Ltd(MTL) · Multiwheeler (Commercial Vehicles) Ltd · Pagefield Commercial Vehicles Ltd · Peerless · Proctor · Rotinoff · Rowe Hillmaster · Rutland · Scammell · Seddon · Seddon Atkinson · Sentinel · Shefflex · Shelvoke & Drewry · Star Engineering Co. · Thornycroft · Tilling Stevens · Vulcan · Willys Overland Crossley · Wolseley · Unipower Modern UK & Ireland Truck Builders (1960s-current) (Factories in the UK) AWD/Bedford · Dennison (Ireland) · (DAF) · Dennis Eagle · Dodge · ERF · Foden · Ford of Britain Ford Trucks/(Iveco-Ford) · Hino(Ireland) · Leyland Daf & Leyland Trucks (Paccar) · Multidrive · Scammell · (Volvo) · Unipower/Alvis-Unipower European manufacturers ACMAT · Agricola · Ajokki (Finland) · Albion Motors · Alfa Romeo (Italy) · Amanco · Astra(Italy) · AutoDiana · Avia (Czech) · Avia (Spain) · Barreiros(Spain) · Berliet (France) · Bernard(France) · Bollnäs · DAAG (Germany) · DAF(Netherlands) (Paccar) · EBIAN(Greece) · Ebro(Spanish) · ELBO (Greek) · Emelba (Spain) · Enasa (Spain) · Faun (German) · Fiat/Iveco(Italy)/Ford Trucks/Iveco-Ford · FTF Trucks (Netherlands) · Hanomag · Hanomag Henschel · Hispano-Suiza (Spain) · Intrall (Poland) · IPV (Spain) · Jelcz · Kaelble · KMC · Laffly (France) · Latil(France) · LIAZ · Magirus-Deutz (Germany) · MAN (German) · Mercedes Benz (German) · MOL (Belgium) · Panhard (France) · Pegaso (Spain) · Renault (France) · Roman · Saurer (Switzerland) · Saviem · Scania · Scania-Vabis · Steyr (Austria) · Tatra (Czech) · Uro (Spain) · Volkswagen (Germany) · Volvo (Sweden) North American Manufacturers Autocar · Auto Truck · Bering Truck · Challenger Manufacturing Ltd Chevrolet · Diamond Reo · Diamond T · Dodge · Ford America · Freightliner · FWD Auto Co · GMC · Hayes Truck · Hendrickson · International · Kenworth(Paccar) · Locomobile · Mack · Marmon · Pacific · Peterbilt (Paccar) · REO · Republic · Schacht · Sterling · Western Star / White Motor Company Asian & Former Soviet Union Manufacturers Anhui Jianghuai  · Ashok Leyland(India) · Asia Motor Works · BeiBen · BelAZ · BEML · Daewoo(Korea) · Daimler HeroJV(India) · Dayun Light Truck · Dayun Motor · Dongfeng(China) · Eicher Motors(India) · FAW-GM · FAW Jie Fang · Force Motors · Foton · GAZ · Guangzhou · Hanyang(China) · Hero(India) · Hino(Japan) · Hyundai · Industrija Motornih Vozil(Slovenia) · Inokom(Malaysia) · Isuzu(Japan) · Jiefang · Kamaz · KAZ · Kia · KrAZ · Master Motors · MAZ · Mitsubishi Fuso(Japan) · NefAZ · Otokar · Perkasa(Indonesia) · Shaanxi · Sanjiang Renault Automobile · Sichuan Tengzhong(China) · Sinotruk · Sungri(Korea) · Swaraj Mazda · Tata(India) · Tata Daewoo(India) · Tatra Vectra · UD Nissan Diesel(Japan) · Ural(Russia) · Wuling(China) · Zastava · ZiL(Russia) · Zhongxing(China) Africa & Middle East BMC (Turkey) · GIAD Trucks (Sudan) · Truck-Makers Co.(SAMIL Truck) · Trucks and Bus Company(Libya) · Zamyad(Iran) Specialist truck builders / Converter AWD Engineering Limited and All Wheel Drive · American LaFrance(fire trucks) · Crane Carrier Co. · Dennis · Dennis Eagle · Faun · Ginaf · Kamag · Latil · MOL · Nicolas Tractomas · OAF · Oshkosh · Rotinoff · Schacht(USA) · Shelvoke & Drewry · Terberg · Titan · Unipower/Alvis-Unipower Fuels Bio fuel · Diesel · Ethanol · Kerosene · LPG · Paraffin · Petrol(Gasoline) · TVO (see also: AdBlue(DEF) & Catalytic converter for emission control ) Types of Internal combustion engine Diesel engine · Hot Bulb Engine · Hybrid · Petrol engine · Steam engine · TVO Engine · Two Stroke · Four stroke · Six stroke Specialist trailer builders Andover Trailers (UK) · Boalloy (UK) · Boden (UK) · Broshuis(Holland) · carrymore (UK) · Cometto (Italy) · Cranes Trailers / Crane-Fruehauf (UK) · Dennison (Ireland) · Dyson Trailers (UK) · Faymonville · Fruehauf Corporation (USA) · Fruehauf UK · Goldhofer (Germany) · Ifor Williams (UK) · Kamag (Germany) · King Trailers (UK) · M & G trailers ? · Montracon (UK) · Nicolas(Germany) · Nooteboom (Holland) · Scheuerle(Germany) · Taskers of Andover (UK) · Tii Group(Germany) Truck types articulated lorry · Breakdown · box van · cattle wagon · Concrete mixer · curtainsider · demountable body · flat bed · fridge van · Heavy Haulage · Low loader · Luton body · machinery transport · pantechnicon · Pick-up truck · Reefer · Road train/Longer Heavier Vehicle · Tanker truck · Tipper truck · Skip wagon · Special Purpose Truck See also Heavy Haulage Contractors & List of Engine Manufacturers for Off road dumper trucks see List of Construction Plant Manufacturers

v · d · e List of Bus Manufacturers This list is under construction Please add relevant additions Early UK & Ireland Bus Builders All Types ex-Steam AEC • Albion • Atkinson • Bean • Bedford • BMC • BMMO • Bristol • Charles H. Roe • Commer • Crossley Motors • Daimler Motor Company • Dennis • Dodge (GB) • Duple Coachbuilders • Eastern Coach Works • East Lancashire Coachbuilders • Guy • Karrier Motors(crew bus) • Leyland Commercial Vehicles/Leyland Motors Ltd/Leyland Steam Motor Co. • Marshall Bus • Morris Commercials/Morris • Northern Counties • Park Royal Vehicles • Sentinel • Shefflex • Shelvoke & Drewry • Straker-Squire • Thornycroft • Tilling Stevens • Vulcan Modern UK & Ireland Bus Builders (1960s-current) (Factories in the UK) Bedford • BMMO • Alexander Dennis • Darwen East Lancs/Darwen Group • Eastern Coach Works Ford of Britain(mini / Crew buses) Ford Trucks/Iveco(chassis) • Leyland Daf & Leyland Bus • MCV Bus and Coach • Optare • Plaxton Volvo Buses European Manufacturers Active Autodromo (Italian) Automet (Polish) Autosan (Polish) • Ayats (Spanish) • Berkhof (Dutch) • Beulas (Spanish) • Biamax (Greek) • BredaMenarinibus (Italian) • Cacciamali (Italian) • Carsa (Spanish) • Castrosua (Spanish) • Chavdar (Bulgarian) • Contrac Cobus (German) • Credo (Hungarian) • DAF (Dutch) • ELBO (Greek) • EvoBus (German) • Fabrika automobila Priboj (Serbian) • Fiat Professional (Italian)• Hess (Swiss) • Hispano Carrocera (Spanish) • Hispano-Suiza (Spainish) • Ikarbus (Serbian) • Ikarus Bus (Hungarian) • Indcar (Spanish) • Irisbus (French) • Iveco (Italian) • Jelcz (Polish) • Jonckheere (Belgian) • Kapena (Polish) • Man (German) • Mauri (Italian) • Mercedes Benz (German) • Neobus (Serbian) • Neoplan (German) • Noge (Spanish) • Praga (Czech) • Roman (Romanian) • Saab-Scania AB/Scania (Swedish) • Salvador Caetano (Portuguese) • Saracakis (Greek) • Setra (German) • Sfakianakis (Greek) • Škoda Works (Czech) • Solaris (Polish) • Solbus (Polish) • SOR Libchavy (Czech) • TEDOM (Czech) • Tovarna avtomobilov Maribor (Slovenian) • VDL Bova/VDL Bus Chassis (Dutch) • Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (German) • Volvo (Swedish) Defunct ACMAT (Greek) • Alfa Romeo (Italian) • AMZ-KUTNO (Polish) • Ajokki (Finnish) • Arna (Norwegian) • Avia (Spanish) • Barreiros (Spanish) • Berliet (French) • Borgward (German) • Brons (Dutch) • Büssing (German) • Carrus (Finnish) • Citroën (French) • DAAG (German) • Dansk Automobil Byggeri (Danish) • Delta Plan (Finnish) • Den Oudsten (Dutch) • Drögmöller (German) • Ebro (Spanish) • Emelba (Spanish) • Henschel (German) • Industrieverband Fahrzeugbau (East German) • Intrall (Polish/English) • Isotta-Fraschini (Italian) • KMC (Cyprus) • Kässbohrer (German) • Lancia (Italian) • Magirus/Magirus-Deutz (German) • OAF (Austrian) • Pegaso (Spanish) • Renault (French) • Riga Autobus Factory (Latvian) • Saurer (Swiss) • Saviem (French) • Scania-Vabis (Swedish) • Seida (Spanish) • Steyr-Daimler-Puch (Austrian) • Tangalakis (Greek) • Tatra (Czech) • Tidaholms Bruk (Swedish) • United Bus (Dutch) • Vest (Norwegian) • Wiima (Finnish) North American Manufacturers Active Advanced Bus Industries • ALFA (Mexican) • AMHER (Mexican) • AYCO (Mexican) • BECCAR (Mexican) • Blue Bird Corporation • Champion Bus Incorporated • Chevrolet • Coach and Equipment • Collins Bus • DaimlerChrysler • DesignLine International • Dodge • Dupont Industries • Eagle Bus • ElDorado National • Elkhart Coach • Eurocar (Mexican) • Federal Coach • Ford • GARZA (Mexican) • Glaval Bus • Gillig • Girardin Minibus • GMC • Godoy (Mexican) • Goshen Coach • IC Bus • Integra (Mexican) • International/Navistar International • Millennium Transit Services • Motor Coach Industries • New Flyer Industries • North American Bus Industries • Nova Bus • Optima Bus Corporation • Orion International • Prevost Car • RECO (Mexican) • Spartan Motors • Stallion Bus Industries • Starcraft Bus • Thomas Built Buses • Trans Tech • Trident Bus Industries Defunct Aerocoach • AmTran • Canadian Car and Foundry • Carpenter Body Company • Crown Coach Corporation • DINA S.A. (Mexican) • Electric Transit • Fageol • Fifth Avenue Bus Company • Fitzjohn • Flxible • General Motors Corporation (buses)/General Motors Diesel Division • J.G. Brill • Kenworth • Les Enterprises Michel Corbeil/Corbeil • Mack Trucks • Marmon-Herrington • Mid Bus • Neoplan USA • Pullman Company • Ramirez (Mexican) • REO •Studebaker • Superior Coach Company • Thomas Dennis Company LLC • TMC • Twin Coach • U.S. Bus Corporation • Ward • Wayne Corporation • White Motor Company • Yellow Coach South American Manufacturers Active Agrale (Brazilian) • Apple Bus (Peruvian) • Andinas (Venezuelan) • ArMar (Argentenian) • Busscar (Brazilan) • CAIO (Brazilan) • CARBUS (Argentenian) • Cepeda (Ecudoran) • Ciccobus (Brazilan) • Ciferal (Brazilan) • Comil (Brazilan) • Corwin (Argentenian) • El Quinto (Argentenian) • Galicia (Argentenian) • Ibimco (Ecuadoran) • IMETAM (Ecuadoran) • Intercar (Venezuelan) • Inrecar (Chilean) • Italbus (Argentenian) • La Favorita (Argentenian) • Lucero (Argentenian) • Marcopolo S.A. (Brazilan) • Mascarello (Brazilan) • Marri (Argentenian) • Manhjos (Argentenian) • Materfer (Argentenian) • Maxi Bus (Brazilan) • Megabuss (Ecuadoran) • Metalpar (Argentenian)(Chilean) • Metalsur (Argentenian) • Modabus (Peruvian) • Navarro (Argentenian) • Neobus (Brazilan) • Niccolo (Argentenian) • Pauliscar (Brazilan) • Pauny (Argentenian) • Perego (Argentenian) • Picosa (Ecuadoran) • ROSMO (Guatamalan) • Saldivia (Argentenian) • San Antonio (Argentenian) • Sateci (Peruvian) • Servibus (Venezuelan) • SudAmericanos (Argentenian) • TATSA (Argentenian) • Technoporte (Argentenian) • Todobus (Argentenian) • Troyano (Argentenian) • Ugarte (Argentenian) • Uni Buss (Brazilan) • VARMA (Ecuadoran) • Vegutzi (Peruvian) • Volare (Brazilan) • Volkswagen Trucks and Buses (Brazilian) Defunct Avecar (Chilean) • CAMETAL (Argentenian) • Cameval (Bolivian) • Carica (Chilean) • El Detalle (Argentenian) • Santa Matilde (Brazilan) • SEG (Chilean) • Tutto Transporti (Brazilian) • Zanello (Argentenian) Middle East, Asian and Australasia Active Ankai (Chinese) • Ashok Leyland (Indian) • BCI (Australian) • BMC (Turkish) • Bonluck Bus (Chinese) • Bustech (Australian) • Cerita Motors (Indian) • Changjiang Bus (Chinese) • China Flxible (Chinese) • Daewoo Bus (South Korean) • Daimler-Hyundai Truck (South Korean) • Dandong (Chinese) • Denning (Australian) • DesignLine International (Kiwi (New Zealand)) • Dongfeng Motor Corporation (Chinese) • Dongfeng Nissan-Diesel (Chinese) • FAW Bus and Coach (Chinese) • Force Motors (Indian) • Ghandhara (Pakistani) • Ghandhara Nissan (Pakistani) • Golden Dragon (Chinese) • Guangqi Hino Motors (Chinese) • Guangzhou (Chinese) • Higer (Chinese) • Hino Motors (Japanese) • Hinopak Motors (Pakistani) • Hengtong Bus (Chinese) • Huanghai Bus (Chinese) • Iran Khodro Diesel (Iranian) • Anadolu Isuzu (Turkish) • JAC Motors (Chinese) • King Long (Chinese) • Lifan (Chinese) • Lishan Bus (Chinese) • Master Motors (Pakistani) • Micro Cars (Sri Lankan) • Mitsubishi Fuso (Japanese) • Mudan Auto (Chinese) • NEOMAN Bus (Turkish) • Otokar (Turkish) • Saipa Diesel (Iranian) • Shaanxi (Chinese) • SsangYong (South Korean) • Sunlong Bus (Chinese) • Swaraj Mazda (Indian) • Tata (Indian) • TEMSA (Turkish) • UD Nissan Diesel (Japanese) • Volvo-Eicher (Indian) • Wuling • Wuzhoulong (Chinese) • Yaxing Coach • Yema Auto • Youngman (Chinese) • Yutong (Chinese) • Zhongtong (Chinese) Defunct Asia Motors (South Korean) • Guangzhou Isuzu Bus (Chinese) • Former Soviet Union Manufacturers Active Bogdan (bus) (Ukranian) • ErAZ (Armenian) • GAZelle (Russian) • KAvZ (Russian) • Kamaz (Russian) • LiAZ (Russian) • Lviv Bus Factory (Ukranian) • Minsk Automobile Plant (Russian) • NefAZ (Russian) • Pavlovo (Russian) • UAZ (Russian) • ZiL (Russian) Defunct • Kauno Autobusų Gamykla (Lithuanian) Africa Trucks and Bus Company(Libya) • Types & Technology Specialist bus chassis builders Alexander Dennis • Van Hool • Shelvoke & Drewry ? Specialist bus bodybuilders / Converter Charles H. Roe • Irizar • Plaxton • Walter Alexander Coachbuilders Types of Internal combustion engine Diesel engine • Hot Bulb Engine • Petrol engine • Steam engine • TVO Engine • Two Stroke • Four stroke • Six stroke Fuel / propulsion technologies Dual-mode bus • Electric bus • Fuel cell bus • Guided bus • Gyrobus • Hybrid electric bus • Trolleybus • Bio fuel • CNG • Diesel • Hybrid powered • Hydrogen • Kerosene • Paraffin • Petrol  • Producer gas • TVO Configuration (Bus Types) Articulated bus • Bi-articulated bus • Charabanc • Chicken bus  • Coach • Double-decker bus • Lowbridge double-deck bus • Low-floor bus • Midibus • Minibus • Multi-axle bus  • Omnibus • Open-top bus • Single-decker bus • Tour bus • Trailer bus • Tram car • Trolleybus • Truck bus • Special uses Advert bus • Airport bus • Armoured bus • Campaign bus • Party bus • Police bus • School bus • Sleeper bus • Transit bus • Training bus • Tour bus • Trolley-replica bus Bus manufacturing • Category See also List of Engine Manufacturers for Light commercial vehicle based Buses see Commercial Vehicle Manufacturers

This page uses some content from Wikipedia. The original article was at General Motors. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Tractor & Construction Plant Wiki, the text of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons by Attribution License and/or GNU Free Documentation License. Please check page history for when the original article was copied to Wikia